How to mitigate the fire risks of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are characterized by a high energy density, light weight and long lifespan. They are an integral part of many modern devices, from smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and power tools. However, despite their widespread use, these batteries present significant fire risks, particularly in multi-occupancy dwellings.

This blog seeks to raise awareness of the dangers and highlight precautionary measures that can be taken to increase safety.

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Why are lithium-ion batteries dangerous?

The same features that make them a popular battery choice are also what make them potentially dangerous. The primary fire risk associated with lithium-ion batteries is thermal runaway, a process where a cell rapidly overheats, leading to a chain reaction in adjacent cells. This can result in sudden and intense fires that are difficult to extinguish and can emit toxic gases.

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What are the main causes of thermal runaway?

There are four main causes of thermal runaway:

• Overcharging:Exceeding the recommended voltage can cause the battery to overheat.
• Overheating:Exposure to high temperatures or direct sunlight can lead to increased internal temperatures.
• Physical Damage:Dropping or crushing the battery can cause internal short circuits.
• Manufacturing Defects:Poor-quality control during production can lead to internal faults.

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How to minimise the fire risk of lithium-ion batteries

Educating your occupants on the risks associated with lithium-ion batteries and encouraging proper handling techniques is crucial. Public service announcements, safety guidelines from manufacturers, and regulatory standards all play a role in reducing fire risks. Here are our top tips to reduce the fire risks associated with lithium-ion batteries:

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1. Follow Proper Charging Practices:

• • Only use certified chargers:Always use chargers recommended by the device manufacturer to avoid overcharging.
  • Avoid overnight charging:Charging devices overnight can lead to overheating.
  • Unattended charging:Do not charge devices unattended.
  • Avoid unsafe charging surfaces: Do not charge batteries or devices on flammable surfaces, such as beds or carpets.
  • Fireproof battery bags: Use fireproof bags for charging and storage.

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2. Follow Safe Storage Guidelines:

• • Control Temperature:Store batteries in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
  • Avoid Moisture:Keep batteries away from water and humid environments to prevent corrosion and short circuits.
  • Separate Storage:Store batteries separately, ensuring they do not come into contact with metals or other conductive materials.

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3. Dispose of Damaged Batteries:

• • Check batteries regularly:If a battery appears damaged (bulging, leaking, or emitting unusual smells), it should be handled with caution and taken to a designated recycling or disposal facility as soon as possible.

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4. Have Emergency Response Procedures in Place:

• • Fire Extinguishers: Have a Class D fire extinguisher on hand, as it is suitable for metal fires, including lithium.
  • Evacuation Plan: In case of a battery fire, evacuate the area immediately and call emergency services. Do not attempt to extinguish the fire with water, as it can exacerbate the situation.
  • Smoke or heat alarms: Installing interconnected alarms in garages where EVs are regularly parked or charged can give early warning of potential issues.

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In conclusion, while lithium-ion batteries are essential for modern technology, they can pose significant fire risks if not handled correctly. By adhering to proper charging practices, safe storage guidelines, and knowing how to respond to battery damage or fires, body corporate and their occupants can mitigate these risks.